According to the international service for the acquisition of agribiotech applications isaaa, tolerance to drought and efficient water usage should be assigned the highest priority in developing future crops. Drought has been a major cause of agricultural disaster, yet how it affects the vulnerability of maize and wheat production in combination with several covarying factors i. Drought tolerance is one of the most important but complex traits of crops. Seed companies are developing and promoting 20 droughttolerant hybrids, but their physiological droughttolerance mechanisms are not well 21 understood. Raffinose synthase enhances drought tolerance through raffinose synthesis or galactinol hydrolysis in maize and arabidopsis plants tao li 1, yumin zhang 1, ying liu. Farmers utilize many tools to use water as efficiently as possible, and recently, gm crops have been added to that list of options. Improved drought tolerance by amf inoculation in maize. Breeding for drought and nitrogen stress tolerance in. Drought stress is the most important environmental stress limiting maize production. The potential benefit of droughttolerant dt corn zea mays l. Meeting the nitrogen requirements of maize grown by. Ideally, drought tolerance has to be achieved without penalties in yield potential.
Deletion of an endoplasmic reticulum stress response element. Strategies for crop production under drought and low n stresses in the tropics. Drought tolerance is an important attribute of commercial maize. Biotechnology for the development of drought tolerant crops. The aim of the present work was the identification, in maize. Metabolic and phenotypic responses of greenhousegrown maize. Maize responses to drought drought is a multidimensional stress, affecting plants at various levels of their organi. Drought stress response in plants showed tissue and developmental stagespecific characteristics.
Increasing genetic gains in maize through breeding for. However, knowledge concerning the functions of mybs in the nonmodel plants is still limited. The optimized s dose of each fertilizer was later tested in second experiment to determine its role in improving drought tolerance of maize plants. Assessment and selection of some drought tolerance indices. Assessment and selection of some drought tolerance indices in maize populations. The user is free to download, print, store and share this work.
A genetic linkage map developed using rflp markers was used to identify qtls associated with. Combining ability for drought tolerance in maize zea mays l. Additional aims of this study were to establish the relationship between drought, heat and combined drought and heat tolerance in maize, and to assess the magnitude of genotype x trial. Wo2016198471a1 method for determining drought tolerance in.
Accordingly, drought tolerance is one of the main components of yield stability, and its improvement is a major challenge to breeders. Combining ability for drought tolerance in maize zea mays. Quantitative rtpcr analysis demonstrated that zmmyb48 expression was induced by drought. Edmeades, progress in achieving and delivering drought tolerance in maize an update, supported by key references, was originally published in. Global synthesis of drought effects on maize and wheat. It seems that as plants have been bred for increased yield under ideal conditions, the plants become more sensitive to. Cimmyt manages intellectual assets as international public goods.
In crop plants, drought induced leaf senescence is often associated with reduced grain yield. Molecular and physiological approaches to maize improvement. Global importance of maize and side effects of drought on maize triggered. South africa government rejects monsantos triple stacked. Sep 21, 2015 drought is a major cause of yield loss in maize and understanding the genetic determinants of natural variation in drought tolerance may aid breeding programs produce more tolerant varieties. Droughttolerant and droughtsensitive genotypes of maize plos. Improvement of drought tolerance in maize zea mays l. Morphophysiological traits associated with drought tolerance. Raffinose synthase enhances drought tolerance through. Diversity characterization and linkage disequilibrium of maize paralogs zmlox4 and zmlox5. We demonstrated that the reduction of epicuticular waxes in the gl6 mutant was associated with increased cuticle permeability and reduced drought tolerance of. Another attempt to produce more droughttolerant maize is the development of.
At its meeting on 2 october 2018, the executive council ec refused to authorize the gm. Breeding for drought tolerance in maize zea mays l. Brassinolide application improves the drought tolerance in. Maize plants or germplasm that have been identified, selected, andor produced by any of the methods of the. The drought tolerant maize for africa project has contributed towards improving seed system in subsaharan africa for the past almost nine years 20072015, through development of drought tolerant welladapted maize hybrids and openpollinated varieties to help farmers across countries in eastern, west and southern africa, cope with drought constraint in maize farming. Drought is a major factor limiting maize zea mays l. The need to breed maize cultivars with improved drought tolerance is apparent. In this study, the crop growth simulation model for maize ceresmaize was used to quantify the. Drought stress it is a period of shortage of rainfall or nonavailability of the rainfall to the crop plants. More than 20% yield loss is through drought drought at seedling stage stops cell division and cause cessation of growth drought reduces the length and weight of shoot drought reduces. Molecular and physiological approaches to maize improvement for. When the planting season arrives later this year, farmers in the united states will have a new way to safeguard their crops from drought. The presently disclosed subject matter relates to methods and compositions for identifying, selecting, andor producing drought tolerant maize plants or germplasm.
Several qtls have been identified for drought tolerance in maize and those qtls have been used to improve stress tolerance through markerassisted breeding. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus amf, glomus versiforme in amelioration of drought induced effects on growth and physiobiochemical attributes in maize zea mays l. The qtls were identified for each trait in each individual experiment singleexperiment analysis as well as per environment, per water regime across locations and across all. In addition, morphophysiological traits that may confer drought tolerance have not been compared extensively between drought tolerant and standard maize hybrids. Maize glossy6 is involved in cuticular wax deposition and. In this study, we isolated a r1type myb gene from maize zea mays l. Evaluation of drought tolerance in corn zea mays l.
In this study, the ears at the v9 stage, kernels and ear. The drought tolerant maize for africa project has contributed towards improving seed system in subsaharan africa for the past almost nine years 20072015, through development of droughttolerant welladapted maize hybrids and openpollinated varieties to help farmers across countries in eastern, west and southern africa, cope with drought constraint in maize farming. Download 529 drought maize stock photos for free or amazingly low rates. Using a data synthesis approach, this study aims to better characterize the effects of those covarying factors with drought and to provide. Reduced root cortical cell file number improves drought.
Corn belt accounts for a sizeable portion of the worlds maize growth. Sub1a, an erf transcription factor found in limited rice accessions, dampens ethylene production and gibberellic acid responsiveness during submergence, economizing carbohydrate reserves and significantly prolonging. Grain yield is a complex trait, strongly influenced by the environment. Pdf improvement of drought tolerance in maize zea mays l. Recent advances in breeding for drought tolerance in maize. Characterization of maize inbred lines for drought and heat. For a more complete list of secondary traits putatively associated with drought tolerance in maize, see barker et al. Drought is increasingly becoming a common natural phenomenon that adversely affects maize productivity in lesotho necessitating mitigation strategies. Submergence and drought are major constraints to rice oryza sativa production in rainfed farmlands, both of which can occur sequentially during a single crop cycle. Maize was subjected to drought at the start of tasseling for 6 days by withholding water application followed by foliar spray of br 0. Maize plants were exposed to two drought regimes, i. Also provided herein are methods for comparing and ranking different plant lines based on their. We looked for quantitative trait loci qtls that affect drought tolerance in maize. Article pdf available in american journal of plant sciences 0714.
Download breeding for drought and nitrogen stress tolerance in maize or read online books in pdf, epub, tuebl, and mobi format. Molecular mapping of quantitative trait loci for drought. The research objective was to investigate the plant traits related to yield. Various influences have increased yields over the years. Drought stress is a primary abiotic constraint affecting crop production worldwide.
Teixeira da silva 2 1 genetics and cytology department, national research centre, elbohoos st. For the arabidopsis drought tolerance test, imbibed seeds were cold treated at 4c in the dark for 3 days and then grown in soil under normal watering conditions in a chamber for about 3 weeks. Currently, drought tolerant maize materials are rarely used for actual breeding because corn production primarily focuses on heterosis to generate desired varieties. Six years of addressing african smallholder farmers needs.
The submergence tolerance regulator sub1a mediates. Droughttolerant varieties developed through biotechnology enable farmers to protect their harvest and minimize losses in times of severe drought by using water more efficiently. Maize genotypes with contrasting ccfn1 were grown under wellwatered and waterstressed conditions in greenhouse mesocosms and in the field in the united states and malawi. Dec 12, 2017 mybs are a vital family of transcription factors that play critical roles in plant development and stress response. Sulfatemediated drought tolerance in maize involves. Drought tolerance in maize is influenced by timing of. Identification of drought, heat, and combined drought and. Launched in 2006, the drought tolerant maize for africa dtma project aims to mitigate drought and other constraints to maize production in subsaharan africa, increasing maize yields by at least one ton per hectare under moderate drought and with a 20 to 30% increase over farmers. Drought is a serious causal factor of reduced crop yields than any other abiotic stresses. This study compared two maize populations, zm601 and zm607 for drought tolerance during flowering, the most drought vulnerable period for the maize plant.
Three experiments were conducted in minnesota to compare drought. Drought, like many other environmental stresses, has adverse effects on crop yield including maize zea mays l. Drought stress has the most detrimental effect on maize, leading to reduced yields in maize production nepolean et al. Jan 30, 2011 maize was subjected to drought at the start of tasseling for 6 days by withholding water application followed by foliar spray of br 0. Droughttolerant varieties can enable farmers to adapt. The study was conducted in lesotho with the aim of 1 verifying the differences among maize. Us9526218b2 genetic markers associated with drought. Extraearly maize inbreds and hybrids that are resistant to striga, tolerant of low nitrogen n and drought at flowering and grain filling periods, and that combine tolerance for these three stresses are now available in subsaharan africa as a result of the painstaking research under the maize improvement program at iita. Some examples of conventional breeding programs for drought tolerance are the development of rice, wheat and indian mustard varieties tolerant to salt and to alkali soils by the central soil salinity research institute in karnal, india 3. A recombinant inbred line ril population was evaluated in seven field experiments representing four environments. The economic losses in crop production due to drought are quite substantial and will undoubtedly further increase with the expected climate. Identification of candidate genes for drought tolerance by. Approaches to mitigate yield loss include developing drought. Tollenaar and wu, 1999 has been attributed to a number of factors.
Exogenous spermidine improves drought tolerance in maize. Physiological evaluations of recent droughttolerant maize. In this study, the role of exogenous spermidine spd in conferring droughtstresstolerance in maize zea mays l. Ali department of botany, university of agriculture, faisalabad, pakistan. This study was conducted to assess whether drought tolerant and standard varieties differ in agronomic and morphophysiological traits associated with drought tolerance. Evaluation of different maize varieties zea mays l. Pdf green house assessment of drought tolerance in maize zea. Increasing genetic gains in maize through breeding for drought tolerance. Growth, photosynthesis, water relations and oxidative defence mechanism q. Greater sensitivity to drought accompanies maize yield. Recent advances in breeding maize for drought and salinity stress. Breeding for drought and nitrogen stress tolerance in maize. Paper presented at the west and central africa regional maize and cassava.
Effects of maize organspecific drought stress response on. Some plants are naturally adapted to dry conditions, surviving with protection mechanisms such as desiccation tolerance, detoxification, or repair of xylem embolism. Identification of maize germplasm with superior drought andor heat tolerance is essential and prerequisite for such propose. Drought is among the most important abiotic stressors influencing foodcrop production worldwide. As one of the most widely distributed crops, maize plants frequently suffer from drought stress, which causes great losses in the final kernel yield. We hypothesized that corn hybrids containing dt traits would produce more consistent yields compared to nondt hybrids in the presence of drought stress. Wo2016198471a1 method for determining drought tolerance.
The physiology and proteomics of drought tolerance in. Grain yield is the primary trait of interest in maize breeding programs. It is concluded that incorporating drought and heat tolerance into maize germplasm has the. To date 15 tropical maize genotypes have successfully been transformed with drought conferring genes. We demonstrated that the reduction of epicuticular waxes in the gl6 mutant was associated with increased cuticle permeability and reduced drought tolerance of maize seedlings figs 3a, 4e. Low water availability is one of the major causes for maize yield reductions affecting the majority of the farmed regions around the. Thus, the effect of wds on nondrought tolerant ndt and drought tolerant dt maize. In the course of recurrent selection for drought tolerance in six tropical maize zea mays l. Developing drought and low n tolerant maize cimmyt repository.
Improved drought tolerance by amf inoculation in maize zea. Recent advances in breeding for abiotic stress drought tolerance in maize fayaz ahmad sheikh, zahoor ahmad dar, p. Modelling of the woody biomass of quercus calliprinos webb. Murray maize production is limited agronomically by the availability of water and nutrients during the growing. Abstract multiple transgene engineering for maize zea mays l.
Progress in achieving and delivering drought tolerance in. Strengthening the practical application of experiments. The present study deals with the isolation and characterization of exopolysaccharides eps produced by the plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria pgpr from arid and semiarid regions of pakistan, and to investigate the drought tolerance potential of these pgpr on maize when used as bioinoculant alone and in combination with their respective eps. Maquis in the eastern versant of the syrian coastal mountains. Lone 1divisioin of genetics and plant breeding, sherekashmir university of agricultural sciences and technology, kashmir190025, india corresponding author a b s t r a c t conditions. Droughttolerant corn hybrids yield more in drought. The maize argos8 gene negatively regulates the ethylene response by encoding a protein that interacts with the ethylene receptor. In the last 49 years, the palmer drought index has registered a nega tive value in either july or august, a critical period for the maize crop, 43 times in central iowa, 49 times in central illinois, and 36 times over the same period in central indiana national climatic center, 1982. The objective of the project was to develop and avail drought tolerant engineered maize genotypes adapted to eca.
Green house assessment of drought tolerance in maize zea mays l. Screening of maize cultivars grown in lesotho for drought. Role of plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria and their. The economic losses in crop production due to drought are quite. Drought tolerance an overview sciencedirect topics. Zmptf1, a phosphate starvationinduced basic helixloophelix bhlh transcription factor, contributes to root development and lowphosphate tolerance in maize. For the maize drought tolerance test, imbibed seeds were grown in soil in a greenhouse under normal watering conditions until the threeleaf stage. Drought at both levels reduced plant height, and chlorophyll and. Drought tolerance is the ability to which a plant maintains its biomass production during arid or drought conditions. However, few studies provide quantitative data to measure drought tolerance of maize glossy mutants. We tested the hypothesis that reduced root cortical cell file number ccfn1 would improve drought tolerance in maize zea mays by reducing the metabolic costs of soil exploration. The importance of anthesissilking interval in breeding for.
Drought and salt tolerance by thang xuan nguyen maize zea mays l. Two maize inbreds and their advanced lines were evaluated for drought related traits. With the availability of maize b73 reference genome and wholegenome resequencing of 15 maize inbreds, common variants cv and clustering analyses were applied to identify nonsynonymous snps nssnps and corresponding candidate genes for drought tolerance. Induction of drought tolerance in maize zea mays l. Droughttolerant and droughtsensitive genotypes of maize zea. Click download or read online button to get breeding for drought and nitrogen stress tolerance in maize book now. Drought is a major cause of yield loss in maize and understanding the genetic determinants of natural variation in drought tolerance may aid. The subsequent analysis of their physiological parameters revealed a decreased stomatal conductance accompanied by a slighter decrease in the. Raffinose synthase enhances drought tolerance through raffinose synthesis or galactinol hydrolysis in maize and arabidopsis plants tao li 1, yumin zhang 1.
Frontiers genomic selection for drought tolerance using. Ramshini4 abstract in order to study the effect of drought stress on morphophysiologic characteristics, yield and yield components of 8 new hybrids of corn zea maize l. Genetic engineering of maize for drought tolerance in. Recent advances in breeding for abiotic stress drought. Two maize cultivars, xianyu 335 drought resistant and fenghe 1 drought susceptible, were subjected to. To understand the molecular mechanisms for drought tolerance in improved maize. Jan 01, 2002 the apparent increase in stress tolerance in modern temperate maize germplasm e. In case you want to translate or create any other derivative work and share or distribute such translation.
Worldwide, drought is the most pervasive limitation to. In this report, we evaluated a selection of maize inbred lines for drought and heat stress tolerance under field conditions in 2009 and 2010 and identified several inbred lines that showed high tolerance to drought. Drought stress is one of the major limiting factors for maize production. Overexpression of a maize myb48 gene confers drought. This was done using genetic engineering approaches of gene upregulation, underregulation silencing and drought inducible expression of candidate genes. Progeny evaluation trials six elite maize populations adapted to the lowland tropics, varying in maturity, grain color and texture. Understanding the response of a crop to drought is the first step in the breeding of tolerant genotypes. Pdf breeding for drought tolerance in maize zea mays l. Jun, 2012 understanding the response of a crop to drought is the first step in the breeding of tolerant genotypes. Genetic engineering of maize for drought tolerance in eastern. Tsedeke abate, international maize and wheat improvement center cimmyt according to abate, seven of the countries will be involved in the new project drought tolerant maize for africa scaling up which will engage private seed companies to produce 12,000 metric tonnes of certified droughttolerant seeds in the next three years.
The physiology and proteomics of drought tolerance in maize. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. Cimmyt iita drought tolerant maize for africa initiative. Drought adaptation level of maize genotypes based on. The present invention provides a method for determining the drought stress tolerance of a plant, said method comprising determining a stress index, measuring grain yield and drawing a linear regression between said stress index and grain yield on the basis of which drought tolerance is determined. Potential benefits of drought and heat tolerance for adapting maize. Irrigation may be a viable option but water is becoming scarce, hence choice of drought tolerant cultivars maybe the best alternative. Drought maize stock photos download 529 royalty free photos. Droughttolerant maize improves yields in countries. Low water availability is one of the major causes for crop yield reductions. Cml539 in drought and heatstressed field trials in kenya, zimbabwe, mexico, and thailand.
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